Leviticus 19:20
And whosoever lieth carnally with a woman, that is a bondmaid, betrothed to an husband, and not at all redeemed, nor freedom given her; she shall be scourged; they shall not be put to death, because she was not free.
Leviticus 19:20
This verse addresses social ethics, specifically sexual conduct and justice within vulnerable relationships. It speaks about a man who lies carnally with a woman who is a bondmaid betrothed to a husband and not redeemed or freed. In the ancient Near East, slavery and betrothal structures shaped power dynamics, consent, and protection. The text acknowledges a real offense against the woman’s autonomy and the sanctity of marriage, labeling the act as a trespass that requires accountability. The punishment described—scourging rather than death—reflects a nuanced approach within Israel’s legal code, balancing severity with mercy in certain cases and considering the social vulnerability of the person involved.
Culturally, readers should recognize that biblical laws often mix moral principles with social institutions of their time. The goal is to constrain exploitation, protect the vulnerable, and honor the dignity of persons created in the image of God. Leviticus 19:20 sits alongside calls for restitution, protection, and restoration within community life.
The verse foregrounds God’s concern for justice, sexual ethics, and the protection of the vulnerable. It emphasizes accountability for wrongdoing, even when power imbalances exist. The legal frame shows a move toward reconciliation and order within Israel’s covenant community, urging perpetrators to face consequences and seek mercy. The broader theological arc points to God’s holy standard—humility, consent, and the dignity of every person—culminating in New Testament teachings about righteousness, love, and justice for the oppressed. The passage also foreshadows biblical teachings about redemption, forgiveness, and the possibility of restoration within a community that seeks justice.
Practical lessons:
- Consent and exploitation: Do not coerce or exploit vulnerable individuals; leaders must model consent, respect, and protection.
- Justice for the vulnerable: Communities should address abuse and power imbalances with investigation, accountability, and care.
- Honor for marriage and commitment: Recognize the sanctity of covenants and the harm caused by violation of entrusted commitments.
- Mercy and boundaries: Mercy can accompany consequences; restoration requires accountability, repentance, and safe boundaries.
Example: If a workplace has a policy against relationship conflicts where power dynamics exist (supervisor-subordinate), enforce clear boundaries, reporting channels, and support for those affected.
Cross-References: Exodus 21:7-11; Deuteronomy 22:28-29; 1 Corinthians 6:18-20; Romans 12:18; James 5:4